Spain, under Francisco Franco, remained officially neutral throughout most of the war, though it leaned toward the Axis in the early years. While Franco had ideological sympathies with Hitler and Mussolini, he was wary of fully committing Spain to the conflict. He knew that entering the war could expose Spain to devastating economic and military consequences, especially given the country’s fragile post-Civil War state.
2. Weak Military and Economic Constraints
The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) had left Spain’s economy and military in ruins. The country lacked the industrial capacity, resources, and supplies needed to sustain a war effort against Britain. Any attempt to seize Gibraltar would have likely resulted in British retaliation, including potential blockades or even direct military intervention, which Spain was ill-equipped to handle.
3. British Naval and Military Presence
Gibraltar was a heavily fortified British stronghold, home to a significant naval and air force presence. Even if Spain had attacked, success was far from guaranteed, as the British had strong defenses and could reinforce the territory using their naval superiority in the Mediterranean. A failed attack would have provoked severe British retaliation.
4. Hitler’s Unwillingness to Meet Franco’s Demands
Franco did entertain discussions with Hitler about joining the Axis and capturing Gibraltar, but he demanded extensive supplies, military aid, and colonial territories in North Africa in return. Hitler found Franco’s demands excessive and, frustrated by Spain’s hesitance, abandoned the idea of a joint operation to take Gibraltar (Operation Felix).
5. Fear of Allied Repercussions
Spain understood that occupying Gibraltar would have made it an enemy of Britain and its allies, possibly leading to an invasion or economic blockade. The Allies controlled vital supply lines that Spain depended on, particularly for food and oil. Keeping neutral ensured that Spain avoided direct involvement in the war while still extracting economic aid from both sides.
Conclusion
While Gibraltar was an attractive target, Spain’s weak military, economic struggles, diplomatic caution, and Hitler’s reluctance to meet Franco’s demands made an invasion unfeasible. Franco’s decision to remain neutral ultimately allowed Spain to survive the war without facing occupation or destruction.